Gum disease is common, often silent and one of the main reasons adults lose teeth. The good news is that early stages are fully reversible.
Stage 1: Gingivitis
Plaque builds up along the gumline, and the gums become red, swollen and bleed easily when you brush or floss. There is usually no pain and no bone loss. With careful cleaning and a professional scaling, gums return to health. See bleeding gums.
Stage 2: Early periodontitis
If plaque and tartar stay, the infection spreads below the gumline. Small pockets form between the gum and tooth, and the supporting bone begins to be lost. Gums may start to recede, and bad breath may appear.
Stage 3: Moderate periodontitis
Pockets deepen and more bone is lost. Gums may be tender or pus may appear. Teeth can feel slightly loose, and spaces may open between teeth.
Stage 4: Advanced periodontitis
There is significant bone loss. Teeth may be loose, shift position or become painful when chewing, and some may need to be removed.
Risk factors
- Poor plaque control
- Smoking and tobacco use, including gutka and paan
- Diabetes. See diabetes and oral health.
- Family history and genetics
- Stress, some medicines and hormonal changes
How is it treated?
- Gingivitis: professional cleaning and better home care.
- Periodontitis: deep cleaning (scaling and root planing) below the gumline, sometimes with medicines. Advanced cases may need gum surgery.
- Maintenance: regular reviews, often every three to four months.
Prevention
Brush twice a day, clean between your teeth daily, stop tobacco and visit your dentist regularly. Our gum and periodontal care team can assess your gums and measure pocket depths, so you know where you stand.