Bad breath, known medically as halitosis, is common and can be embarrassing, but it is usually very treatable. The first step is understanding where it comes from.

The most common causes

  • Bacteria on the tongue. The rough surface at the back of the tongue traps food and bacteria that release smelly sulphur compounds.
  • Plaque and food debris. Particles trapped between teeth or around braces and bridges decay and smell.
  • Gum disease. Infected gum pockets harbour bacteria that cause a persistent unpleasant smell and taste.
  • Cavities and broken fillings. Decayed areas trap food.
  • Dry mouth. Saliva naturally cleans the mouth. Mouth breathing, dehydration, some medicines and fasting can reduce it.
  • Tobacco and paan. They leave their own smell and increase gum disease risk.
  • Certain foods. Onion, garlic and spices give a temporary odour that mouth care cannot fully remove until digested.
  • Other health conditions. Throat, sinus or tonsil problems and, rarely, other medical conditions.

What you can do at home

  1. Brush twice a day with fluoride toothpaste. See how to brush correctly.
  2. Clean between your teeth once a day, as explained in our flossing guide.
  3. Clean your tongue gently from back to front with a tongue cleaner or the back of your brush.
  4. Drink water through the day, especially if your mouth feels dry.
  5. Clean dentures every day and remove them at night. See how to care for dentures.
  6. Avoid tobacco in all forms.

When to see a dentist

If you have followed these steps for two weeks and the problem continues, or if you have bleeding gums, a bad taste, a loose tooth or a visible cavity, book an examination. We will look for gum disease, decay and other causes. A professional dental cleaning often makes a noticeable difference, because tartar harbours bacteria that home care cannot remove.

Check your own breath

It is hard to smell your own breath. A simple test is to lick the back of your wrist, let it dry for a few seconds and smell it. You can also ask a trusted family member or friend for an honest opinion.

Remember

Bad breath is rarely a sign that you are doing something “wrong”. It is a signal that something needs attention, and in most cases, it can be solved in a visit or two.